| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES..................................................................................................xxi
PREFACE ............................................................................................................xxiii
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................... xxv
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS..............................................................................xxix
MAP OF NIGERIA .................................................................................................... xxx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 History, Geography, and Economy of Nigeria .....................................................................1
1.1.1 History.......................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Geography.....................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Economy ......................................................................................................2
1.2 Population and Basic Demographic Indicators.....................................................................2
1.3 Population and Health Policies and Programmes...................................................................3
1.3.1 Population Policies and Programmes ...........................................................................3
1.3.2 Health Policies and Programmes................................................................................4
1.4 Education.......................................................................................................5
1.5 Organisation and Objectives of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and
Health Survey ......................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Sample Design.................................................................................................6
1.5.2` Questionnaires ..............................................................................................7
1.5.3 Pre-test Activities ..........................................................................................8
1.5.4 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................8
1.5.5 Fieldwork ....................................................................................................8
1.5.6 Data Processing ..............................................................................................9
1.6 Response Rates .................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Population by Age and Sex.......................................................................................11
2.2 Household Composition ..........................................................................................13
2.3 Education o the Household Population ...........................................................................13
2.3.1 Educational Attainment........................................................................................14
2.3.2 School Attendance Rates ......................................................................................17
2.3.3 Grade Repetition and Drop-out Rates...........................................................................19
2.4 Household Environment...........................................................................................20
2.4.1 Drinking Water................................................................................................20
2.4.2 Household Sanitation Facilities ..............................................................................22
2.4.3 Housing Characteristics.......................................................................................23
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2.5 Household Possessions...........................................................................................25
2.6 Wealth Index ...................................................................................................25
2.7 Birth Registration..............................................................................................26
2.8 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) .............................................................................28
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
3.1 Characteristics of Survey Respondents...........................................................................31
3.2 Educational Attainment by Background Characteristics............................................................33
3.3 Literacy .......................................................................................................34
3.4 Access to Mass Media ...........................................................................................36
3.5 Employment .....................................................................................................38
3.6 Occupation......................................................................................................41
3.7 Earnings, Employers, and Continuity of Employment ..............................................................43
3.8 Health Insurance Coverage ......................................................................................44
3.9 Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Tuberculosis..................................................................46
3.10 Tobacco Use....................................................................................................48
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................51
4.2 Current Fertility...............................................................................................51
4.3 Fertility Differentials ........................................................................................53
4.4 Fertility Trends ...............................................................................................55
4.5 Children Ever Born and Living...................................................................................56
4.6 Birth Intervals.................................................................................................57
4.7 Age at First Birth..............................................................................................59
4.8 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood................................................................................60
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING
5.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods..............................................................................63
5.2 Ever Use of Contraception ......................................................................................65
5.3 Current Use of Contraceptive Methods ...........................................................................68
5.4 Differentials in Contraceptive Use by Background Characteristics................................................69
5.5 Trends in Contraceptive Use ....................................................................................72
5.6 Number of Children at First Use of Contraception................................................................73
5.7 Brands of Pills, Condoms, and Injectables Used..................................................................73
5.8 Knowledge of the Fertile Period ................................................................................76
5.9 Timing of Sterilisation.........................................................................................77
5.10 Source of Contraception .......................................................................................78
5.11 Cost of Contraception .........................................................................................79
5.12 Informed Choice................................................................................................80
5.13 Future Use of Contraception ...................................................................................81
5.14 Reasons for Not Intending to Use Contraception in the Future ..................................................82
5.15 Preferred Method for Future Use ...............................................................................83
5.16 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media..............................................................83
5.16.1 Exposure to Specific Family Planning Messages ...............................................................85
5.16.2 Exposure to Family Planning Information through Peer
Groups, School, or Community Leaders................................................................................86
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5.17 Contact of Non-users with Family Planning Providers ...........................................................87
5.18 Husband/Partner’s Knowledge of Women’s Contraceptive Use ......................................................89
CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
6.1 Current Marital Status .........................................................................................91
6.2 Polygyny .......................................................................................................92
6.3 Age at First Marriage ..........................................................................................94
6.4 Median Age at First Marriage....................................................................................95
6.5 Age at First Sexual Intercourse.................................................................................96
6.6 Recent Sexual Activity .........................................................................................99
6.7 Postpartum Amenorrhoea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility....................................................... 102
6.8 Menopause.......................................................................................................104
CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES
7.1 Desire for More Children ...................................................................................... 105
7.2 Desire to Limit Childbearing................................................................................... 107
7.3 Need for Family Planning Services.............................................................................. 109
7.4 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................. 113
7.5 Fertility Planning ............................................................................................ 115
7.6 Wanted Fertility Rates ........................................................................................ 116
CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
8.1 Background and Assessment of Data Quality...................................................................... 117
8.2 Infant and Child Mortality Levels and Trends................................................................... 118
8.3 Socio-Economic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality .................................................... 120
8.4 Demographic Differentials in Childhood Mortality .............................................................. 121
8.5 Perinatal Mortality............................................................................................ 122
8.6 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour ................................................................................. 124
CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH AND OBSTETRIC FISTULA
9.1 Antenatal Care .................................................................................................125
9.2 Number of ANC Visits and Timing of First Visit................................................................. 127
9.3 Components of Antenatal Care .................................................................................. 128
9.4 Tetanus Toxoid Injections ..................................................................................... 130
9.5 Place of Delivery.............................................................................................. 132
9.6 Assistance during Delivery..................................................................................... 133
9.7 Postnatal Care..................................................................................................135
9.8 Perceived Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................... 137
9.9 Obstetric Fistula ..............................................................................................139
9.9.1 Knowledge of Obstetric Fistula .............................................................................. 140
9.9.2 Characteristics of Labour Reported as Cause of Fistula Symptoms.............................................. 141
CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH
10.1 Child’s Weight at Birth ...................................................................................... 143
10.2 Vaccination of Children....................................................................................... 145
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10.2.1 Trends in Vaccination Coverage.............................................................................. 147
10.2.2 Reasons for Not Receiving Vaccinations...................................................................... 149
10.3 Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................................151
10.4 Fever..........................................................................................................153
10.5 Prevalence of Diarrhoea....................................................................................... 155
10.6 Diarrhoea Treatment............................................................................................157
10.7 Feeding Practices .............................................................................................158
10.8 Knowledge of ORS Packets ..................................................................................... 160
10.9 Stool Disposal ................................................................................................160
CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children ............................................................................... 163
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children ..................................................... 163
11.1.2 Results of Data Collection ................................................................................. 164
11.1.3 Trends in Malnutrition ..................................................................................... 167
11.2 Initiation of Breastfeeding................................................................................... 167
11.3 Breastfeeding Status by Age................................................................................... 170
11.4 Duration and Frequency of Breastfeeding ...................................................................... 172
11.5 Types of Complementary Foods ................................................................................. 173
11.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices .............................................................. 174
11.7 Micronutrient Intake among Children........................................................................... 177
11.8 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ....................................................................... 180
11.9 Nutritional Status of Women................................................................................... 181
11.10 Foods Consumed by Mothers.................................................................................... 182
11.11 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .......................................................................... 183
CHAPTER 12 MALARIA
12.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 187
12.2 Mosquito Nets ................................................................................................ 187
12.2.1 Ownership of Mosquito Nets ................................................................................. 187
12.2.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children under Age Five ............................................................ 189
12.2.3 Use of Mosquito Nets by All Women and Pregnant Women
15-49............................................................................................................. 190
12.2.4 Trends in Mosquito Net Ownership and Use ................................................................... 192
12.3 Prophylactic Use of Anti-malarial Drugs and Use of Intermittent
Preventive Treatment in Pregnant Women............................................................................. 192
12.4 Prevalence and Prompt Treatment of Fever in Children under Age Five .......................................... 194
12.5 Availability at Home of Anti-malarial Drugs Taken by Children with Fever...................................... 196
CHAPTER 13 HIV AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND
BEHAVIOUR
13.1 Introduction...................................................................................................197
13.2 HIV and AIDS Knowledge, Transmission and Prevention Methods .................................................. 198
13.2.1 Awareness of HIV and AIDS .................................................................................. 198
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13.2.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention................................................................................. 199
13.2.3 Rejection of Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS ............................................................. 200
13.3 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ................................................................. 203
13.4 Attitudes towards People Living with HIV and AIDS ............................................................ 205
13.5 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husbands ........................................... 207
13.6 Attitudes towards Condom Education for Youth ................................................................. 209
13.7 Perceptions and Beliefs about Abstinence and Faithfulness..................................................... 210
13.8 Higher-Risk Sex............................................................................................... 210
13.9 Payment for Sex............................................................................................... 213
13.10 Coverage of HIV Testing Services ............................................................................ 215
13.11 Male Circumcision ............................................................................................218
13.12 Self-Reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections............................................................ 219
13.13 Prevalence of Medical Injections ............................................................................ 221
13.14 HIV and AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviour Among Youth..................................................... 223
13.14.1 Knowledge about HIV and AIDS and Sources for Condoms ...................................................... 223
13.14.2 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ........................................................................... 225
13.14.3 Trends in Age at First Sexual Intercourse ................................................................. 226
13.14.4 Condom Use at First Sex.................................................................................... 227
13.14.5 Premarital Sex .............................................................................................228
13.14.6 Higher-Risk Sexual Intercourse ............................................................................ 229
13.14.7 Age-mixing in Sexual Relationships ........................................................................ 232
13.14.8 Drunkenness during Sexual Intercourse ..................................................................... 232
13.14.9 HIV Testing.................................................................................................233
CHAPTER 14 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY
14.1 Data.......................................................................................................... 235
14.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality .......................................................................... 236
14.3 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality........................................................................ 237
CHAPTER 15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND HEALTH OUTCOMES
15.1 Women’s and Men’s Employment ................................................................................. 239
15.1.1 Employment Status............................................................................................240
15.2 Women’s Control over Their Own Earnings and Relative Magnitude
of Women’s Earnings ............................................................................................... 240
15.3 Women’s Participation in Decision-Making...................................................................... 243
15.4 Attitudes towards Wife Beating ............................................................................... 247
15.5 Attitudes towards Refusing Sex with Husband .................................................................. 250
15.6 Women’s Empowerment Indicators ............................................................................... 254
15.7 Current Use of Contraception By Woman’s Empowerment Status ................................................... 255
15.8 Ideal Family Size and Unmet Need by Women’s Status............................................................ 256
15.9 Women’s Status and Reproductive Health Care .................................................................. 257
15.10 Women’s Status and Early Childhood Mortality................................................................. 258
CHAPTER 16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
16.1 Women Experiencing Physical Violence ......................................................................... 262
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16.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence............................................................................. 264
16.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ................................................................................ 264
16.4 Age at First Experience of Sexual Violence.................................................................... 265
16.5 Persons Committing Sexual Violence............................................................................ 266
16.6 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 267
16.7 Violence during Pregnancy..................................................................................... 267
16.8 Marital Control by Husband or Partner......................................................................... 268
16.9 Forms of Spousal Violence .................................................................................... 271
16.10 Spousal Violence by Background Characteristics .............................................................. 273
16.11 Violence by Spousal Characteristics and Women’s Indicators .................................................. 275
16.12 Frequency of Spousal Violence ............................................................................... 277
16.13 Onset of Spousal Violence ................................................................................... 278
16.14 Types of Injuries to Women because of Spousal Violence ...................................................... 279
16.15 Violence by Women Against Their Spouse ...................................................................... 279
16.16 Help-seeking Behaviour by Women who Experience Violence...................................................... 282
16.17 Sources of Help ............................................................................................. 284
CHAPTER 17 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
17.1 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children ............................................................................. 285
17.1.1 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood
17.1.2 Orphaned and Vulnerable Children............................................................................ 286
17.2 Social and Economic Situation of Orphaned and Vulnerable Children............................................. 288
17.2.1 School Attendance............................................................................................288
17.2.2 Basic Material Needs ....................................................................................... 289
17.2.3 Orphans Living with Siblings ............................................................................... 290
17.2.4 Nutritional Status ..........................................................................................291
17.3 Care and Support for OVCs .................................................................................... 293
17.3.1 Succession Planning..........................................................................................293
17.3.2 External Support for Households with OVCs................................................................... 296
CHAPTER 18 FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING
18.1 Knowledge and Prevalence of Female Genital Cutting............................................................ 299
18.2 Flesh Removal and Infibulation ............................................................................... 301
18.3 Age at Circumcision .......................................................................................... 301
18.4 Person Who Performed Circumcision............................................................................. 302
18.5 Circumcision of Daughters .................................................................................... 304
18.6 Reasons for Supporting Female Circumcision ................................................................... 305
18.7 Attitudes towards Female Circumcision ........................................................................ 307
APPENDIX A STATE TABLES ........................................................................................... 317
APPENDIX B SURVEY DESIGN ...........................................................................................457
APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS.............................................................................463
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES..................................................................................... 477
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APPENDIX E NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN: 2008 NDHS DATA
ACCORDING TO THE NCHS/CDC/WHO INTERNATIONAL
REFERENCE POPULATION .............................................................................................. 483
APPENDIX F PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2008 NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC
AND HEALTH SURVEY.................................................................................................. 485
APPENDIX G QUESTIONNAIRES.......................................................................................... 497 |
